Two of the most significant reform movements to come out of the reform period of 1820-1840 were the anti-slavery movement and the women's rights movement. Hudson River school of art: Americans painters also sought to achieve a sense of nationality in art. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans embarked on a program of institution building - jails for criminals, poorhouses for the destitute, asylums for the insane, and orphanages for children without families. (1) The only transaction affecting common or preferred shares during 2013 was the sale of treasury stock. \text{Merchandise Inventory}& 1,800,000& 1,500,000\\ The health reform experience of the past decade does provide a number of more specific lessons for us. - militant abolitionism where a new generation of reformers rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and demanded immediate abolition. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. At the same time, the Second Great Awaking stressed the notion of personal responsibility and the responsibility of a person to the sins of neighbors. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. Veseys plan called for teams of rebels to attack targets such as the arsenal and guardhouse. The response to these conditions was the 1826 creation of the American Temperance Society in Boston, Massachusetts. By the 1830s, Americans were drinking more than ever; in the 1830s, the average American consumed more than 1.5 bottles of liquor a week. The Garrisionians wanted Douglass to simply get up and tell his story, to tell his narrative on the platform. The development of separate northern and southern economies, westward expansion of the nation, and a spirit of reform marked the era. Reformers worked to create public institutions to deal with the social problems. The daughters of a prominent slave owner, they spoke of their personal knowledge and experience of the system. \quad\text{Total Long-Term Debt}& \$ 5,000,000&\$ 6,000,000\\ Perhaps unsurprisingly, as the message changed to reflect the prevailing ideas of the elite, the movement became more popular in the South as slave owners not only attended meetings themselves, but allowed and even encouraged the attendance of the slave population. For some, the issue initially boiled down to access to the slave population and the ability to bring the message to a wider audience. In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. The new Protestant denominations, most prominently the Baptists and Methodists, grew in strength and numbers. For example, Virginia passed legislation making it illegal to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write. Moreover, black congregations could not hold religious meetings without a licensed white minister present, presumably to assure that the right messages on slavery and freedom were the only ones presented from the pulpit. While not all Americans were active in the various reform movements, taken together, the reform impulse was a powerful force that characterizes the antebellum era. The Burned-Over District was not only the site of revivals of the Protestant denominations of the Second Great Awakening, but also the birthplace of new religious movements such as the Millerites, a millennial group who preached that the Second Advent (or second coming) of Jesus was imminent. Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. "Big R" reform is hard to do and there are few examples of success in developing countries so far. Simultaneously, the slaves, women, and children were told that obedience to their master was their Christian duty. 14 A New Birth Of Freedom, Give Me Liberty Ch. Before the early 1800s, education for most Americans was very basic. What might the cost be in dollars? The Mayflower carried barrels upon barrels of beer for its passengers. American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. (2) The bonds payable have a maturity (face) value of $4 million. Rumors spread across the South that the rebellion was not limited to Virginia; more African Americans were killed or arrested in Alabama, Virginia, and in other slaveholding states. Seneca Falls Convention, 1848. Consolidated Statement of Income and Education would "equalize the conditions of men.". \text{Gain on Sale of Machinery and Equipment}&& 200,000\\ \text{Bonds Payable}& \$ 3,648,000 &\$ 3,600,000\\ The earliest womens colleges were founded in the 1830s: the Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College), founded in 1836, and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Now Mount Holyoke College), founded in 1837. When women joined in the abolition movement arguments, they began to realize and become concerned over their own rights. 2. The message held the greatest appeal for those without power in society. \quad\text{Chicago Finance Corporation}& \$1,800,000\\ Martin proceeded to use scriptural arguments to help convince other slaves to join the attack on the city. \text{Equity in Earnings of Affiliates:}\\ Retained Earnings for 2013 In western New York, revival movements inspired many new religious sects as well as social reform. Although Vesey's plans failed, southerners became terrified of losing control over slaves. Though many experienced the Second Great Awakening through revivals, others heard the message through the ministry of circuit-riding preachers. The White Americans still wanted public white only area. The Second Great Awakening manifested itself somewhat differently regionally. The Latter Day Saint Movement (of which the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter Day Saints, popularly called the Mormons, is the most important branch) also was born in the Burned-Over District during the era of the Second Great Awakening. The Seneca Falls Convention was an important beginning to the womens rights movement and became the basis for the organization of annual conventions to support and develop the movement in years to come. Eventually, however, he was captured, tried, and executed. In the decades prior to the Civil War, reformers in the U.S. looked to Europe for models of social and political change. The meetings typically lasted three to five days and were meant to reawaken or revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional experience. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ A company has net sales of $489,600\$ 489,600$489,600 and average accounts receivable of $40,800\$ 40,800$40,800. \text{Less Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization}& (4,000,000) &(3,800,000)\\ Abolitionism was perhaps the most radical of the reform movements of the era. There she found the inmates, some of them mentally ill (whom Dix refers to as lunatics), housed in filthy conditions in unheated cells. For the most part, colonizationists accepted the idea of black inferiority. \text{Accounts Payable}& \$ 550,000 &\$ 400,000\\ By the 1820s, the Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations. In 1816, proponents of colonization of freed slaves founded this society, which promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. \text{Increase in Retained Earnings}&& \$ 2,200,000\\ Revivals also created a widely known group of respected black leaders, many among them preachers associated with the movement. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. Camp meetings were so called because, on the sparsely populated frontier, many attendees had to travel long distances to the meeting and camp out at the location. In many cases, within the Garrisonian movement in particular, the role of the black speaker or the black writer or the black abolitionist was, in some ways, prescribed, as the famous case of Frederick Douglass' relationship with the Garrisionians. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. Like many religious movements of the day, Mormons believed in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus. Named after Thomas More's sixteenth-century novel Utopia, an outline of a perfect society. This led to a women's movement that would run side by side with the abolition movement for equal rights among all people that live in the United States. Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio became the first co-educational institution when it admitted four women in 1837. Many types of reform movements existed during this period in the United States, and groups and causes only grew more splintered over time. (People to know). Some of this came from a lack of understanding; in other cases, it was overt prejudice. Additional information is as follows: Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. \end{array} In his revival meetings, which were held nightly for a week or more, Finney prayed for the conversion of sinners by name in each community and called sinners down to the anxious bench, where those who were considering conversion were prayed for and where sinners were exhorted to confess and seek forgiveness. Because it was generally inclusive of everyone, the message was spread to men and women, to rich and poor, and among slaves and free blacks alike. \text{Less: Dividends on Preferred Shares}&&(120,000)\\ \quad\text{Total Investments}& \$ 5,200,000 &\$ 3,200,000\\ The temperance movement and organizations had more than a million supporters who enthusiastically held rallies and distributed pamphlets on the evils of demon rum. By the 1860s, their efforts had indeed slowed, but certainly did not stop, the average Americans consumption of alcohol. The ____________ refers to an area of New York that was so affected by the Second Great Awakening that there was no more fuel to burn for the fire of religion. Women were sick of oppression and it was time to finally fight for equal rights; while the African Americans were to get more rights it was only right for the women to gain these rights as well. Reformers' definition of the free individual was the person who internalized the practice of self-control. Moral reform groups promoted temperance, or abstinence from alcohol. In either case, they often heard the same sermons, sang the same songs, and received the same message. To the eyes of many reformers, the movements in abolition and womens rights had much in common; many who worked to end slavery also called for the emancipation of women. Indeed, the womens rights movement had largely grown out of the anti-slavery movement. In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. Transcendentalism's roots were in American Christianity. Such music remained after the revival and itinerant preacher were long gone. Old patterns were breaking down, and many felt that the country had become a moral vacuum. Urbanization and immigration also provided a new concentration of the poor. What are the other consequences? In the first issue of the Liberator, he made a public apology for ever advocating a gradual end to slavery and called for its immediate end. Discuss any differences between the preferences of men and women. They also spent time helping with their husbands and whatever their needs were to promote the best work. This is especially true of the Baptist church; independent black congregations were founded all over the South. \text{Goodwill}& 1,125,000& 1,125,000\\ \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ Participation in the temperance movement was much more socially acceptable than participation in the abolition or womens rights movement. Further reproduction prohibited without . The African Methodist Episcopal Church where Vesey preached was destroyed. Many Americans found this radical notion of racial equality and the call to end these restrictive laws intimidating or even frightening. (Problem 10), ASSETSCurrentAssetsCash$100,000$200,000CertificateofDeposit225,000AccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectiblesof$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013)600,000500,000MerchandiseInventory1,800,0001,500,000Prepayments200,000200,000TotalCurrentAssets$2,925,000$2,400,000InvestmentsChicagoFinanceCorporation(40%Owned)$4,000,000$2,200,000RosenwaldCompany(50%Owned)1,025,000900,000HutchinsonCompany(25%Owned)175,000100,000TotalInvestments$5,200,000$3,200,000Property,Plant,andEquipmentLand$500,000$400,000Building4,000,0004,000,000MachineryandEquipment8,000,0007,300,000PropertyRightsAcquiredUnderLease1,500,0001,500,000Total$14,000,000$13,200,000LessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortization(4,000,000)(3,800,000)TotalProperty,Plant,andEquipment$10,000,000$9,400,000Intangibles(atNetCarryingValue)Patent$750,000$875,000Goodwill1,125,0001,125,000TotalIntangibles$1,875,000$2,000,000TotalAssets$20,000,000$17,000,000LIABILITIESANDSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayable$550,000$400,000AdvancesfromCustomers640,000660,000SalariesPayable300,000240,000IncomeTaxesPayable430,000300,000RentReceivedinAdvance50,000OtherCurrentLiabilities460,000200,000TotalCurrentLiabilities$2,430,000$1,800,000Long-TermDebtBondsPayable$3,648,000$3,600,000EquipmentMortgageIndebtedness332,0001,300,000CapitalizedLeaseObligation1,020,0001,100,000TotalLong-TermDebt$5,000,000$6,000,000DeferredTaxLiability$1,570,000$1,400,000ShareholdersEquityConvertiblePreferredStock$2,000,000$2,000,000CommonStock2,000,0002,000,000AdditionalPaid-InCapital3,000,0002,400,000RetainedEarnings5,000,0002,800,000Total$12,000,000$9,200,000LessCostofTreasuryShares(1,000,000)(1,400,000)TotalShareholdersEquity$11,000,000$7,800,000TotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity$20,000,000$17,000,000\begin{array}{lrr} \text{Depreciation of Plant and Equipment and Amortization}\\ \text{Rosenwald Company (50\\\% Owned)}& 1,025,000& 900,000\\ Even anti-slavery and abolitionist groups refused to grant full rights to black members. Learn . Channings 1819 Unitarian Christianity sermon, which outlined many of the core beliefs of the new American sect, such as a belief in human goodness and rejection of the Trinity, inspired many churches to adopt Unitarianism. Key figures in the abolitionist movement were William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of The Liberator and Frederick Douglass, who was born a slave and rose to prominence as an author, orator, and abolitionist. Social activists sought to end slavery and establish greater rights for women. American reformers also sought to implement school reform. The Church of Later-Day Saints proved to be a lasting and successful alternative vision to the Second Great Awakening of antebellum America. Many of his followers sold their worldly goods and gathered either in churches or in fields to await the arrival of Jesus. The antebellum reform movements were based in a network of voluntary, church-affiliated reform organizations. Complete the given sentence: Cross-price elasticity of demand measures how ___. Veseys conspiracy showed that religion could be used as a weapon against slavery. Add texts here. Over the course of the nineteenth century, many towns and counties became dry. Perhaps the greatest legislative victory for the temperance movement during the era of reform was Maines shortlived total ban on alcohol from 1851-1856. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? Questions relating to the financial statements of Chicago Corporation follow. The first and foremost of these goals was achieving the right to vote as an inalienable right of full, republican citizenship. The Unitarian movement spread through many of the Congregationalist churches of the area. Like the other evangelical movements of the Second Great Awakening, they stressed adult baptism as an important step to salvation. Many were pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human relationships and institutions. Why? Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} White abolitionists warned him that people would cease to believe that he had ever been enslaved if he sounded too educated and advised him to leave the complex analysis to the whites. Many kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement, and membership in some movements overlapped. Reform Movements of the 19th Century. A Massachusetts schoolteacher was the leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane, who at the time generally were placed in jails alongside debtors and hardened criminals. Evangelical in nature, it stressed that salvation was available to all through free will. Sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions. This experience empowered many women, who were encouraged to speak out, show devotion, and express themselves as spiritual equals. Antebellum PeriodAntebellum is a Latin word that means "before the war." In American history, the antebellum period refers to the years after the War of 1812 (1812-15) and before the Civil War (1861-65). Women played a large role in education reform. \quad\text{Average Shares Outstanding)} &&\$ 2.68\\ Indeed, many slave owners feared the message of spiritual equality, so they kept the evangelists out. Male2302090Female2182448, b. Alcohol in many forms had been an important part of the diet of Americans from the founding of the colonies onward. Evangelical Christianity was certainly the most powerful religious movement in the antebellum United States, but it was not the only one. Published in 1845, Fuller sought to apply to women the transcendentalist idea that freedom meant a quest for personal development. \text{Total Current Liabilities}& \$ 2,430,000 &\$ 1,800,000\\ During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. In 1828, his Likeness to God sermon argued that true religion is marked by the believer becoming more and more like God. The most successful denominations of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodist and Baptist churches. The region of western and central New York where Finney was most active became the site of intensive religious fervor and reform. Through these moral reform societies, churches hoped to change society by putting individuals on the path to righteousness. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakenings basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. 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