While prestige can be gained through achievement, boasting of it is seen as pretentious and can draw quick dislike and denigration. Survey identifies health behaviors, challenges shared by Muslim community. Almost all Iranian schools are segregated. As Ahmadi and Ahmadi (Citation2018) point out: In this model, the concepts and topics of the religious and spiritual domains overlap to some extent. Food in daily Life: Iranians have a healthy diet centered on fresh fruits, greens and vegetables. Iranian culture remains relatively class conscious. By establishing a relationship with another entity than her-/himself, the patient tries to gain comfort and control. This is based on the traditional idea that people should protect their personal and family honour by giving a public impression of dignity and integrity. Thus, secular meaning-making coping hardly has any point of connection with a traditional sacred context, but can overlap with a search for connectedness with a sacred source without relating to God or any traditional religious context. Here we present the results on Religious Coping Methods. Here the concept of savab (reward) comes into the picture. The Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE were used to categorise these methods. They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. Despite the firmly entrenched reach of the Islamic Republic, Iranians generally discuss politics with vigour. The Middle East consists of . Before carrying out the research, the University of Tehrans Ethics Committee reviewed the project to ensure that it complied with the Research Code of Conduct and Ethics. If a father or brother knows of a girls boyfriend, they may pretend that they are oblivious to that knowledge. These relationships can provide support, guidance, employment opportunities or help navigating bureaucracies. In above citation, we see a passive approach to facing ones illness and totally relying on God. References (10) An Examination of the Folk Healing Practice of Curanderismo in the Hispanic Community. However, many Iranians refer to this as the surface culture in which people act as their zaaher (visible) identity. Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. We define spirituality a search for connectedness with a sacred source that is related or not related to God or any religious holy sources (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 7273). Naturally, in most societies religion is not the sole available resource in an individuals orienting system; there are other dimensions in life e.g., biological, psychological, social, and environmental to which a person can turn when faced with adversity. Iranians regularly break the Islamic civil rules; however, this always carries a risk of arrest. Patients in Somalia commonly exhibit symptoms of chronic disorders in response to stress and turmoil. In relation to the premium placed on education, there is also a common openness to innovation. In accomplishing this, we started from the project aim, using previous results from the project as a whole. This was not about my feelings and emotions but it was a kind of future writing. Some reports show that 26.5 percent of. Instead, people are expected to self-deprecate their success. Elderly relatives are kept at home, not placed in a nursing home. In the current paper, based on the study carried out in Iran, only the results on religious coping methods will be presented. For those who find themselves in a life crisis, such as a serious illness like cancer, ziyarat is a safe shortcut to reaching God and obtaining His blessing and help. These values define what is meaningful to your familythe beliefs and ideas that bind your family together. Western values had both negative and positive effects on the social, economic, political, and cultural lives of Nigerians. I know that Ive done a lot of wicked things in my life. The participants confirmed large cultural differences in doctor-patient communication when encountering Iranian and Swedish patients. Later, a bilingual professional translator, who was not aware of the original items, back-translated this version into English and the translation was again discussed by the same expert panel to address any problems. The term "family values" has become a popular phrase in recent years. The Islamic Republic of Iran is a Middle Eastern nation located at the crossroads between Arab Asia and Central Asia. Iranian nurses revealed a unique and culture-based set of ethical values. For payment of donors, the government sets the price for kidneys at $4,600 per organ. However, as men dominate the public sphere and hold more decision-making power, womens authority is mostly limited to the domestic space. All research groups checked all interview drafts and verified all codes and categorizations. In this pattern, praying to and conversing with saints and imams are in focus; one interesting finding was that no one reported having turned to Clergies in this respect. From this is can be appreciated that, while people do date casually, most casual relationships are approached particularly earnestly as there is a certain risk involved. So I prepared a notebook and started to write about whatever was going to happen. For more information (Freud & Breuer, Citation1895). The Persians were only one of these tribes who settled in the territory of Persis (also Parsa, modern-day Fars) which would give them their name. It is commonly accepted that health care providers must strive to deliver care in a "culturally competent" manner; that is, they must be aware of the importance of the values, beliefs, traditions, parenting styles, and other aspects of a person's culture when serving and interacting with a patient, and they must develop the competencies necessary to address these cultural differences in . They help teach kids the difference between right and wrong. Deborah A. Boyle, RN, MSN. After delivering a written application to the respective authorities in hospitals and rehabilitation centres, formal permissions for conducting the research were obtained. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well'. This is called Shafaah. The interview guide was primarily based on the questions used in the Swedish study (Ahmadi, Citation2015); however, some cultural considerations were applied during production of the final protocol. A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. I strongly believe in it because it is carved into my bones. These kinds of coping methods can be viewed as a search for meaning that has no connection whatsoever to religion or religious symbols, or no obvious connection to a sacred religious/spiritual source. . August 12, 2011. (35-year-old female). Essential to our study is, thus, not the study of coping only from a psychological perceptive but mainly the role of culture in the present study; we define culture as a system of beliefs, traditions, customs, art, history, folklore, institutions, norm and values and how they are expressed a system that is shared by members of a society, community or group. When she tries to address the issue with her mother and husband, shes turned away. The notion that illness is a test imposed on us by God is an old one. This means women commonly get passed over for jobs, earn less and receive lower allowances as it is expected that their male family member will support them. Healthcare in Iran is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs. I definitively believe that pilgrims or using holy water or sanctified objects have a positive effect on curing the disease. Passive Religious Deferral refers to passive waiting for God to control the situation. 5. While this is statistically unlikely to happen, it is a consideration that affects behaviour. I begged Him not to let me die in pain. The larger study has been conducted among cancer patients in 10 countries. Role of Culture in Healthcare Decision-Making. Three experts performed the peer examination. Most of the participants were Shia Muslims. Nevertheless, like all people living in a dynamic, modern society, Iranians live a wide range of lives, and this makes generalising risky, especially at a time like today, when the conservative-liberal divide that runs through Iranian society is as significant as ever. In first interactions with a stranger on the street, one may find that a taxi driver is, in fact, an expert on architecture, or a colleague can explain the complex history of countries theyve never visited. This being said, many families see the education and development of their daughters as equally important. Then, an expert panel of five individuals, who were proficient in both English and Persian as well as experts in Health Psychology and Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, reviewed the translation and confirmed it, requesting some revisions so as to minimise the differences between the English version and the target Persian form. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Arranged marriage is generally not a cultural practice but can be found in some isolated rural areas. Article. This work was supported by Hgskolan i Gvle: [Grant Number 7350]. On the contrary, seeking the love of saints and imams was found in this study. Culture is a tool that its members use to assure their survival and well-being, as well as provide meaning to life. Seeking Support from Clergy or Congregation Members refers to a search for comfort and reassurance through the love and care of these individuals. culture and values, Nigerians progressively imbibed the white-men's way of life and values (Nwabuisi, 2000). keeping to the rules to avoid attracting the attention of government operatives). By the likes of tall poppy syndrome, people are expected to be humble and unassuming about themselves. Cultural factors that can influence family planning discussions and decisions include gender role inequality, deference to family or physician authority, religious influences, belief that. Depends on the family, the guests' number changes between 150 to even 2000 people. When discussing religious coping, it is vital to consider circumstances in which religion and coping are interlaced. Outreach and education efforts by the health care community can help . These values are neither positive nor negative - they're just differences. According to research published in the Journal of Health and Social Behaviour by Erin Cornwell of Cornell University and Linda Waite of the University of Chicago, social relationships are particularly important for those coping with mental illness; social withdrawal aggravates loneliness, stress, and feelings of low self-worth. Moreover, it was explained to all potential informants that the research is part of an international study aimed at identifying the strategies patients use to cope with their illness; participation was voluntary; participants could withdraw at any time or from any part of the research without any consequences for themselves; the data are kept confidential; and the research reports have been presented and published without mentioning the participants name or representative characteristics. Different. Inter-cultural and cross-cultural competencies were made visible. Thus, we can argue that the reason individuals turn to religion in times of crisis is that religion is more accessible in their sociocultural context than are other resources. The researcher visited or phoned potential patients, survivors, and those who were kept in hospice to invite them to voluntarily participate in the project, and to make an appointment for an interview at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization. This system of theocratic governance remains in place today. As Willander (Citation2014, p. 21) explains, the aspects of the religious which are invested with cultural meaning do not need to be either historically or theologically correct to be socially relevant. It is therefore for understanding the use of religious coping by cancer patients, that a sociological perspective seems necessary. To request a reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below. Intercession is a safe way of obtaining a divine blessing. This is the way they act at home or with their inner circle, where they can reveal their baaten (inside or true) identity without risk of arrest. I always went to pilgrims when I was under chemotherapy. 7. The purpose of the project is to explore, from a sociological perspective, different forms of meaning-making coping (existential, spiritual, and religious coping) used by people who have been struck by cancer and, thereby, to attempt to understand the effect of culture on the use of these coping strategies. A 75-year-old woman told us: When the doctor said I had cancer, my children were extremely worried but I tried to comfort them to not be worried and said they should trust in God. It has had a Muslim majority population for centuries and so the culture is deeply characterised by its strong Islamic influence. We will try by sociologically analyzing the results, to discuss the role of cultural beliefs in coping. Generally, families with higher educations will be more open-minded regarding the mothers and fathers contribution to the household dynamic. In the current article, we present the results from our study in Iran, which looks at religious coping methods from a cultural perspective. Rice and fresh unleavened or semi leavened whole-grain bread are staple starches. We found two patterns in our interviews. A Minor Leap Down, an Iranian film featured at international film festivals in Berlin and Toronto, illustrates the struggle of a 30-year-old Iranian woman named Nahal, whose deteriorating mental health is undermined by her family. The coding based on the themes found in the study used a template analysis style, a theory-driven analysis (Malterud, Citation2014), while categorisation of the themes was based on the results obtained in other studies in the project (Ahmadi, Citation2006, Citation2015; Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; Ahmadi et al., Citation2017; Ahmadi, Ahmadi, Erbil, & Cetrez Citation2016). The holy places may also function as reminders of God; Islamic/Quranic teachings argue that remembrance of Allah leads to peace and satisfaction: Those who believe and whose hearts find peace in the remembrance of Allh. Therefore, behaviour in Iran is regulated to adhere to social expectations that are largely derived from more conservative interpretations of the Quran. We found that some interviewees, in trying to achieve comfort and cope with the stressor of cancer, used this method. With a population of 80 million (2017), Iran is one of the most populous countries in West Asia. Cultural behaviors have important implications for human health. This being said, most families seek to encourage individuals to be independent. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, Source: PakPolaris at Deviant Art, Creative Commons, If You Need to Pull an All-Nighter, This Should Be Your Diet, Mass Shootings Are a Symptom, Not the Root Problem. Relevance to clinical practice Semi-structured qualitative interviews were employed to identify the meaning-making coping methods used by cancer patients in Iran. Show abstract. God tells us if you act, I will support you. It is a kind of charity, helping people in need. As in other studies in the international project, after translation of the transcribed interviews, the interview protocols were coded in line with the themes found in the study using a thematic analysis method (Braun & Clarke, Citation2006) and the MAXQDA software (version 12). Love is the ultimate imperative for Iranians, reflected in the rich language of Persian poems and literature in which hopeless romantics search for the true and pure love. There is a huge variation in social codes, behaviours and beliefs between different regions of Iran. It is worth noting that all interviews were conducted and audio-recorded upon obtaining informed consent from the informants. While the nuclear family is modestly sized, close relationships with the extended family mean peoples family networks are sometimes quite large. Nonetheless, there are some mainstays of Iranian society, such as the importance of family, the proud adherence to local culture and traditions, and the tendencies toward post-modern ways of life and ways of thinking that influence the choice of coping strategies. Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the cultural factors that have an impact on military nursing care for Iraqi patients. Religious actions are integrated parts of the everyday life of people in Muslim countries, including Iran. Nevertheless, many parents suggest partners to their children, who then may or may not agree with their recommendation. Those who are employed usually do desktop-based office work and also rarely get the same management opportunities. The study was based on qualitative research. Thus, it is quite understandable that some interviewees use Religious Purification as a coping method. When our interviewees talked about ziyarat, they often referred to visiting his holy shrine. The interviews occurred in a private room at the Behnam Daheshpour Charity Organization; there were no interruptions. Iran's unique history and geography translates to a diverse mix of cultural influences on the Persian cuisine. Previously, people usually only dated after high school; however, it is becoming common for teenagers to do so. Nevertheless, much of the population shares the benefits of the middle class. It is a common belief that these actions are good actions that satisfy God and pursue Him to help them. 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