[97] In 2015, the dam generated 3.6 TWh. The water elevation at the Hoover Dam stood at a meager 1,041 feet on July 18th, 2022, according to the Bureau of Reclamation, which manages Lake Mead. City of Glendale, California This image record originally appeared on the Earth Observatory. [57], The men who removed this rock were called "high scalers". [97] The annual generation of Hoover Dam varies. The downstream halves of the tunnels following the inner plugs are now the main bodies of the spillway tunnels. [124] The construction of the dam has been implicated in causing the decline of this estuarine ecosystem. On March 12, 1928, the failure of the St. Francis Dam, constructed by the city of Los Angeles, caused a disastrous flood that killed up to 600 people. What are the Arizona and Nevada spillways? The original turbines were replaced through an uprating program between 1986 and 1993. [75] Surveyor John Gregory ("J.G.") Peak placements were 10,462 cubic yards in one day (including some concrete placed in the intake towers and powerplant), and slightly over 275,000 . Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians Instead, Wilbur announced in early 1930 that a model city was to be built in the desert near the dam site. At $49M, it was also the lowest of the bids received. [8] Though water from the Imperial Canal allowed for the widespread settlement of the valley, the canal proved expensive to operate. Nevertheless, Hoover Dam was the title used in all official congressional documents. Official websites use .gov How much energy does Hoover Powerplant produce annually? At. While the river brought a reliable source of water along its pathway, it was also prone to devastating floods that could wipe out all in its path. Drought. According to the Bureau of Reclamation, the lake will be refilled enough by the end of 2016 to avoid cuts in water deliveries in 2017. [117] In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks, authorities expressed security concerns and the Hoover Dam Bypass project was expedited. Just How Bad Was The Great Depression Unemployment Rate? The Colorado River basin is managed to provide water to millions of peoplemost notably the cities of San Diego, Las Vegas, Phoenix, and Los Angelesand 4-5 million acres of farmland in the Southwest. What were the quantities of principal materials used? There are also thirteen 130,000 kilowatt, two 127,000 kilowatt, one 61,500 kilowatt, and one 68,500 kilowatt generators. The installation of the last generating units was completed in 1961. To lower the minimum power pool elevation from 1,050 to 950 feet (320 to 290m), five wide-head turbines, designed to work efficiently with less flow, were installed. [48] While the workers received none of their demands, the company guaranteed there would be no further reductions in wages. After further review and geological studies, the site was ruled out for various reasons. City of Burbank, California The company agreed to ask the Federal government to supplement the pay, but no money was forthcoming from Washington. New satellite images from NASA show just how much the reservoirs footprint has shrunk over the past two decades and the difference between July 2000 and July 2022 is stark. It contained 650,000 cubic yards (500,000m3) of material. Surrounding the base of the monument is a terrazzo floor embedded with a "star map". This is down from about 1,210 feet at the beginning of 2000. The Lower Basin States of Arizona, California, and Nevada were not able to reach agreement. Each spillway's capacity of 200,000cuft/s (5,700m3/s) was empirically verified in post-construction tests in 1941. Here, rising from a black, polished base, is a 142-foot flagpole flanked by two winged figures, which Hansen calls the Winged Figures of the Republic. The elevation at the end of July 2000around the time of the Landsat 7 images above and belowwas 1199.97 feet (365.8 meters). 4 Key Aspects of Hamiltons Assumption of State Debts Plan, The Purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, Discover Why the Compromise of 1790 Was So Important, The Causes of the Dust Bowl in the Great Depression, The Significance of the Embargo Act of 1807. How were the tunnels used after river diversion? "[137], Hoover Dam was recognized as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1984. Lake Mead This concept was discovered by scientist Michael Faraday in 1831 when he found that electricity could be created by rotating magnets within copper coils. What states have beneficial interests in the Colorado River? As usage and demand of the Colorado River water increased, it was obvious that an agreement to share the water between states was needed. Please feel free to fill out our Contact Form. Page Contact Information: Nevada Water Data Maintainer Each basin was apportioned 7.5 MAF (million acre feet) of water each year. What is the maximum discharge capacity of the spillways, valves, and powerplant? Excavation for the diversion tunnels, 1,500,000 cubic yards; for the foundation of the dam, powerplant, and cofferdams 1,760,000 cubic yards; for the spillways and inclined tunnels, 750,000 cubic yards; for the valve houses and intake towers, 410,000 cubic yards; earth and rockfill for the cofferdams, 1,000,000 cubic yards. According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, the water level has now reached a record low for the second year in a row. The maximum annual net generation at Hoover Powerplant was 10,348,020,500 kilowatt-hours in 1984, while the minimum annual net generation since 1940 was 2,648,224,700 kilowatt-hours in 1956. [71] To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Departmentbearing the name "Boulder Dam", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. By History in Charts / May 4, 2021 September 26, 2022 / Economy, Great Depression & WWII (1929-1945) . [35] When construction began, Six Companies hired large numbers of workers, with more than 3,000 on the payroll by 1932[36] and with employment peaking at 5,251 in July 1934. Above Lake Mead, Lake Powell is currently filled to just 27 percent of capacity, and the entire Colorado river system stands at 35 percent. Although there are myths that men were caught in the pour and are entombed in the dam to this day, each bucket deepened the concrete in a form by only 1 inch (25mm), and Six Companies engineers would not have permitted a flaw caused by the presence of a human body. How much is each state's water apportionment? Delph Carpenter, a Colorado attorney, proposed that the seven states which fell within the river's basin (California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming) form an interstate compact, with the approval of Congress. The maximum capacity of Lake Mead is 28.5 million acre-feet (35 cubic kilometers) of water, with an acre-foot equaling the amount required to cover one acre to a depth of one foot. After the blocks were in place, the flagpole was dropped through a hole in the [122] Visitors can only purchase tickets on-site and have the options of a guided tour of the whole facility or only the power plant area. Living conditions began to improve as the first residents moved into Boulder City in late 1931. While suspended from the top of the canyon with ropes, the high-scalers climbed down the canyon walls and removed the loose rock with jackhammers and dynamite. Repayment of the $25 million construction costs allocated to flood control will be repaid by 2037. When they encountered hot springs or cavities too large to readily fill, they moved on without resolving the problem. place as the ice melted. The United illustrations is the inscription, "Since primordial times, American Indian tribes and Nations lifted their [6] The dam is located near Boulder City, Nevada, a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project, about 30mi (48km) southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. [111][112] The powerhouse was run under the original authorization by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Southern California Edison; in 1987, the Bureau of Reclamation assumed control. The water elevation at the Hoover Dam stood at a meager 1,041 feet on July 18th, 2022, according to the Bureau of Reclamation, which manages Lake Mead. Imperial Irrigation District Image of the Day What are the characteristics of the penstock and outlet pipes? Navajo Tribal Utility Authority The turbine turns a shaft which rotates a series of magnets past copper coils and a generator to produce electricity. In the creation of the Hoover Dam the engineers had to create one of the largest man-made lakes called Lake Mead. Los Angeles, CA - 15.4229 percent In Colorado, location of the headwaters of the Colorado River, 83 percent of the state is now in drought, and the snowpack from last winter was below average in many places. Edison allowed land options it held on the river to lapseincluding an option for what became the site of Hoover Dam. Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico formed the Upper Basin while California, Arizona, and Nevada formed the Lower Basin. At Lake Mead these thresholds include measures to be taken when or if water levels fall below certain levels. Power is generated in step with and only with the release of water in response to downstream water demands. Fires. Water strikes theturbinecausing it to spin. Colton, CA - 0.0884 percent [113] Today, nearly a million people per year take the tours of the dam offered by the Bureau of Reclamation. Reclamation announces 2022 operating conditions for Lake Powell and Lake Mead. The torrid summer weather and lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties. The biggest cuts will come to Arizona, which will receive 512,000 fewer acre-feet, approximately 18 percent of the states annual apportionment and 8 percent of the states total water use (for agriculture and human consumption). An initial attempt at diverting the river for irrigation purposes occurred in the late 1890s, when land speculator William Beatty built the Alamo Canal just north of the Mexican border; the canal dipped into Mexico before running to a desolate area Beatty named the Imperial Valley. City of Pasadena, California As of July 18, 2022, the water elevation at the Hoover Dam was 1041.30 feet (317.4 meters) above sea level; the water elevation at the end of July 2000 (around the time of the Landsat 7 image above) was 1199.97 feet (341 meters). [113] In 2011, Congress enacted legislation extending the current contracts until 2067, after setting aside 5% of Hoover Dam's power for sale to Native American tribes, electric cooperatives, and other entities. Current conditions of GAGE HEIGHT are available. By 1936 the engineering marvel was completed, two years ahead of schedule. [114], Water flowing over the spillways falls dramatically into 600-foot-long (180m), 50-foot-wide (15m) spillway tunnels before connecting to the outer diversion tunnels, and reentering the main river channel below the dam. Current conditions of GAGE HEIGHT are available. Nov. 1, 1939, to Jun. The chart preserves How are these towers connected to the powerplant? How much cement was required? Thats not the only trouble at Lake Mead. Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians What work was necessary before damsite operations started? As a result, few of True's decorations can now be seen by visitors. We now with them in peace buildeth again a Finally, in 1931 the Hoover Dam finally broke ground and began work. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California - 28.5393 percent Low Elevation. 2023 Vox Media, LLC. The United States was in the middle of the Great Depression at the time, and many blamed Hoover for the crisis. The States of Arizona and Nevada; the City of Los Angeles; the Southern California Edison Co.; the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California; the California cities of Glendale, Burbank, Pasadena, Riverside, Azusa, Anaheim, Banning, Colton, and Vernon; and the city of Boulder City, Nevada. Hoover Dam, said Hansen, represented for him the building genius of America, "a monument to collective genius exerting itself in community efforts around a common need or ideal." [72] Roosevelt also referred to the dam as Boulder Dam,[94] and the Republican-leaning Los Angeles Times, which at the time of Ickes' name change had run an editorial cartoon showing Ickes ineffectively chipping away at an enormous sign "HOOVER DAM", reran it showing Roosevelt reinforcing Ickes, but having no greater success. The plant has a nameplate capacity of about 2,080 megawatts. [18] Such compacts were authorized by Article I of the United States Constitution but had never been concluded among more than two states. Who are the principal contractors for energy? When were the power installations in the plant completed, and of what do they consist? At maximum capacity, the reservoir would hold 9.3 trillion gallons (36 trillion liters) of water, reaching an elevation 1,220 feet (372 meters) near the dam. Hualapai Indian Tribe Hoover Dam is a major tourist attraction, with 7 million tourists a year. USBR announced in August 2021 that state water allocations would be cut in 2022; further modeling and negotiation is underway for 2023 allocations. At the end of July 2021, the water elevation at the Hoover Dam was 1067.65 feet (325.4 meters) above sea level, the lowest since April 1937, when the lake was still being filled. The excavation of this U-shaped structure located at the downstream toe of the dam was completed in late 1933 with the first concrete placed in November 1933. The need for the Hoover Dam stems from the vast history of the Colorado River and its unpredictable flood patterns. [16] Despite the site change, the dam project was referred to as the "Boulder Canyon Project". The report was principally authored by Davis, and was called the Fall-Davis report after Interior Secretary Albert Fall. The spillways and outlet works (jet-flow gates) are rarely used. The dam typically provides power to 1.3 million people in Nevada, Arizona, and California. He designed sculpted turrets rising seamlessly from the dam face and clock faces on the intake towers set for the time in Nevada and Arizonaboth states are in different time zones, but since Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, the clocks display the same time for more than half the year. [68], With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The workers were under severe time constraints due to the beginning of the concrete pour. Construction of a rail line joining Las Vegas and the dam site began in September 1930. [97] The jet-flow gates, located in concrete structures 180 feet (55m) above the river and also at the outlets of the inner diversion tunnels at river level, may be used to divert water around the dam in emergency or flood conditions, but have never done so, and in practice are used only to drain water from the penstocks for maintenance. [49], A second labor action took place in July 1935, as construction on the dam wound down. How is water discharged from the spillways? Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Timbisha Shoshone Tribe [128] Four species of fish native to the Colorado River, the Bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, Humpback chub, and Razorback sucker, are listed as endangered. Tunnels, Towers, Penstocks and Spillways The cost of construction completed and in service by 1937 was repaid from power revenues by May 31, 1987, except for costs relating to flood control. [115] The 1941 damage was attributed to a slight misalignment of the tunnel invert (or base), which caused cavitation, a phenomenon in fast-flowing liquids in which vapor bubbles collapse with explosive force. Continuing a 22-year downward trend, water levels in Lake Mead stand at their lowest since April 1937, when the reservoir was still being filled for the first time. The development of the American Southwest also played a key and important role in the push for a method to control the river. Colorado River Commission (CRC) The river water is allotted to states (including tribal lands) and Mexico through laws like the 1922 Colorado River Compact. Mr. Hansen fielded many questions about his work while it was being installed at the dam. The rotor is connected to the shaft, so that the rotor rotates when the shaft rotates. What was an unusual feature of Hoover Dam's construction? Vanishing water at Lake Mead has left behind whats euphemistically called a bathtub ring. You can see it pretty well in the images below that zoom in on one section of the reservoir. Even after the waterway was stabilized, it proved unsatisfactory because of constant disputes with landowners on the Mexican side of the border. How was chemical heat caused by setting cement dissipated? How does the water reach the turbines? Lake or reservoir water surface elevation above NGVD 1929 feet. [114], The large spillway tunnels have only been used twice, for testing in 1941 and because of flooding in 1983. The map depicts the Northern Hemisphere sky at the moment of President Roosevelt's dedication of the dam. The maximum annual net generation at Hoover Powerplant was 10,348,020,500 kilowatt-hours in 1984, while the minimum annual net generation since 1940 was 2,648,224,700 kilowatt-hours in 1956. Hoover Dam Included in the fatality list are three workers who took their own lives on site, one in 1932 and two in 1933. approximately the next 14,000 years. Accompanying the Nevertheless, Six Companies turned the dam over to the federal government on March 1, 1936, more than two years ahead of schedule. Prior to Nov. 1, 1939, water-stage recorder at site 9 mi downstream at datum 594.8 ft above National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, from topographic map. The figures rest on a base of black diorite, an igneous rock. The Colorado River Aqueduct and Central Arizona Project branch off Lake Havasu while the All-American Canal is supplied by the Imperial Dam. A worker stands by the 30ft (9.1m) diameter Nevada penstock before its junction with another penstock that delivers water to a turbine. He was noncommittal. When workers wearing such headgear were struck hard enough to inflict broken jaws, they sustained no skull damage. [125] The delta's estuary, which once had a freshwater-saltwater mixing zone stretching 40 miles (64km) south of the river's mouth, was turned into an inverse estuary where the level of salinity was higher close to the river's mouth. For the 2022 water year, which begins October 1, Mexico will receive 80,000 fewer acre-feet, approximately 5 percent of the countrys annual allotment and Nevadas take will be cut by: 21,000 acre-feet (about 7 percent of the states annual apportionment). The dam is home to one of the largest hydropower plants. [43], The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or "Wobblies"), though much-reduced from their heyday as militant labor organizers in the early years of the century, hoped to unionize the Six Companies workers by capitalizing on their discontent. [106], Lake Mead and downstream releases from the dam also provide water for both municipal and irrigation uses. With the water allocations appropriately determined, planning of a massive dam to control flood waters and provide hydroelectric power could commence. [28], The Wattis Brothers, heads of the Utah Construction Company, were interested in bidding on the project, but lacked the money for the performance bond. Who operates and maintains the powerplant? Under what heads do the turbines operate? Much of the sculpture is the work of Norwegian-born, naturalized American Oskar J.W. The new arrangement began on October 1, 2017. What were the principal items of work? marring their highly polished finish, they were centered on blocks of ice, and guided precisely into For the dam to rest on solid rock, it was necessary to remove accumulated erosion soils and other loose materials in the riverbed until sound bedrock was reached. [31], The city of Las Vegas had lobbied hard to be the headquarters for the dam construction, closing its many speakeasies when the decision maker, Secretary of the Interior Ray Wilbur, came to town. Extreme drought could cost California half its hydroelectric power this summer, Drought-choked Colorado River faces an unprecedented water shortage, Millions more homes will be exposed to hurricane winds because ofclimate change, NASA and SpaceX postpone launch of Crew-6 mission, National Congress of American Indians calls for offshore wind moratorium. The Colorado River and Hoover Dam Facts and Figures. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2p.m. Pacific time to 11a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2p.m. Eastern Time. How were the tunnels used after river diversion? [29] The joint venture was called Six Companies, Inc. as Bechtel and Kaiser were considered one company for purposes of Six in the name. First the base, or invert, was poured. [70], Most work had been completed by the dedication, and Six Companies negotiated with the government through late 1935 and early 1936 to settle all claims and arrange for the formal transfer of the dam to the Federal Government. National Water Information System: Web Interface, Accessibility . Reclamation announces 2022 operating conditions for Lake Powell and Lake Mead. The strike ended. COLORADO RV BLW HOOVER DAM, AZ-NV - USGS Water Data for the Nation COLORADO RV BLW HOOVER DAM, AZ-NV Important Legacy real-time page Monitoring location 09421500 is associated with a STREAM in CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA. How was the powerplant machinery transported from the canyon rim to the powerplant? Power Development [106][107], In 2018, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) proposed a $3 billion pumped-storage hydroelectricity projecta "battery" of sortsthat would use wind and solar power to recirculate water back up to Lake Mead from a pumping station 20 miles (32km) downriver. Surging with fresh water from heavy winter snow melt, Lake Powell rose significantly in the summer of 2011 after many years of low levels. Caption by Mike Carlowicz. The dam was awarded to a joint venture called Six Companies. The name came from the fact that six separate engineering companies combined efforts to deliver the best quality bid for the project. [120], Hoover Dam opened for tours in 1937 after its completion, but following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, it was closed to the public when the United States entered World War II, during which only authorized traffic, in convoys, was permitted. [52] The river was diverted into the two Arizona tunnels on November 13, 1932; the Nevada tunnels were kept in reserve for high water. This water could be used to spur agricultural development and encourage more investment and population growth in the region. In October 1962, the Court ruled that of the first 7,500,000 acre-feet of mainstem water in the Lower Basin, California is entitled to 4,400,000 acre-feet, Arizona 2,800,000 acre-feet, and Nevada, 300,000 acre-feet. The curving arch of the dam would transmit the water's force into the abutments, in this case the rock walls of the canyon. In 1928, Congress authorized the project. How is the firm energy generated at Hoover Dam allocated? Image of the Day Quail Lakes & Coal: Energy for Wildlife and the World, 2013, page 60, Bureau of Reclamation: Lower Colorado Region- Hoover Dam, U.S. National Register of Historic Places, Article I of the United States Constitution, Chinese benevolent association in the city, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Mike O'CallaghanPat Tillman Memorial Bridge, National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark, List of dams in the Colorado River system, List of largest hydroelectric power stations, List of largest hydroelectric power stations in the United States, List of National Historic Landmarks in Arizona, List of National Historic Landmarks in Nevada, National Register of Historic Places portal, "What you need to know about Lake Mead's falling water levels", "Nevada and Arizona: Hoover Dam (U.S. National Park Service)", "Sharing Colorado River Water: History, Public Policy and the Colorado River Compact", "Impacts of the 1928 St. Francis Dam Failure on Geology, Civil Engineering, and America", "Lower Colorado Bureau of Reclamation: Hoover Dam, Facts and Figures", "Hoover Dam: Grout Curtain Failure and Lessons Learned in Site Characterization", American Heritage's Invention & Technology, "Catching a Wave - Jet Flow Gate Testing Brings a Crowd", "OPERATION PLAN FOR COLORADO RIVER SYSTEM RESERVOIRS", "Receding Lake Mead poses challenges to Hoover Dam's power output", "Lake Mead Drops to its Lowest-Ever Level", "Drought Diminishes Hydropower Capacity in Western U.S.", "Lake Mead: Largest US reservoir dips to record low", "Hoover Dam, symbol of the modern West, faces a new test with an epic water shortage", "Los Angeles considers $3B pumped storage project at Hoover Dam", "City Of Los Angeles Wants To Turn Hoover Dam Into World's Largest Pumped Energy Storage Facility", "President signs Hoover Dam Power Allocation Act", "House, after stiff debate, backs cheap power for 3 Western states", "Crossing Hoover Dam: A Guide for Motorists", "The Hoover Dam Everything You Need to Know About Visiting", "Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program", "Resurrecting the Dammed: A Look at Colorado River Restoration", 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0998:RTDALA]2.0.CO;2, "A Conservation Plan for Native Fishes of the Lower Colorado River", 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0219:ACPFNF]2.0.CO;2, "Macrofaunal and isotopic estimates of the former extent of the Colorado River estuary, upper Gulf of California, Mxico", "Science and Values in River Restoration in the Grand Canyon", Historic Construction Company Project Hoover Dam, Boulder City/Hoover Dam Museum official site, Hoover Dam, Spanning Colorado River at Route 93, Boulder City, Clark County, NV, Hoover Dam, Southern California Edison 138-kV Switchyard, Hoover Dam, Metropolitan Water District Switchyard, Hoover Dam, Southern California Edison 230-kV Switchyard, Hoover Dam, Los Angeles Relay Control Building, Hoover Dam, Los Angeles Bureau of Power and Light Lines 13, Hoover Dam, Southern California Edison North and South Lines, Hoover Dam, HooverBasic Magnesium North and South Lines, Hoover Dam, Metropolitan Water District Line 1, Hoover Dam, U.S. Highway 93 Nevada Segment, Hoover Dam, U.S. Highway 93 Arizona Segment, Hoover Dam, Nevada Downstream Waste Tailings, Hoover Dam, HendersonMead Transmission Line 2, Arizona Gravel Pit Road, 6 to 8 miles northeast of Boulder City, Clark County, NV, Hoover Dam Aggregate Classification Plant, 6.5 miles northeast of Boulder City, Clark County, NV, Six Companies Railroad, 6 to 8 miles northeast of Boulder City, Clark County, NV, Boulder DamSan Bernardino (115kV) Transmission Line, Eldorado to Ivanpah Section, Primm, Clark County, NV, Brownstone Canyon Archaeological District, Gold Strike Canyon-Sugarloaf Mountain Traditional Cultural Property, Grapevine Canyon Petroglyphs (AZ:F:14:98 ASM), Las Vegas High School Academic Building, Gymnasium, and Frazier Hall, Las Vegas High School Neighborhood Historic District, Old Spanish Trail/Mormon Road Historic District, Sheep Mountain Range Archeological District, National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada, Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site, Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite, International Boundary and Water Commission, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoover_Dam&oldid=1141134164, Buildings and monuments honoring American presidents in the United States, Buildings and structures in Clark County, Nevada, Buildings and structures in Mohave County, Arizona, Dams on the National Register of Historic Places in Nevada, Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places, Historic American Engineering Record in Arizona, Historic American Engineering Record in Nevada, Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona, National Register of Historic Places in Mohave County, Arizona, Tourist attractions in Clark County, Nevada, Tourist attractions in Mohave County, Arizona, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Power, flood control, water storage, regulation, recreation, Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation and Drainage District, Sulphur Springs Valley Electric Cooperative, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 14:45. 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