These tendencies now increased to megalomaniacal proportions. In the famous words of noted historian Dio Cassius, Commoduss lack of interest in political affairs was the starting point for the decline of the Roman Empire, leaving Commodus responsible for initiating Romes decline "from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust. Anyone who caught the emperors attention risked also inadvertently invoking his wrath. He assassinated the Roman emperor Commodus in 192 AD. Sources diverge on the origins of the conspiracy, with some claiming Lucilla was jealous of Commodus wife Crispina (incest between Commodus and Lucilla is suggested in Gladiator) while others maintain she saw the first warning signs of her brothers mental instability. [15], On 23 December 176, the two imperatores celebrated a joint triumph. Only a famous death will do. Later that year he adopted as his full style Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus Herculeus Romanus Exsuperatorius Amazonius Invictus Felix Pius (the order of some of these titles varies in the sources). Unlike the preceding emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, he seems to have had little interest in the business of administration and tended throughout his reign to leave the practical running of the state to a succession of favourites, beginning with Saoterus, a freedman from Nicomedia who had become his chamberlain. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [16] On 1 January 177, Commodus became consul for the first time, which made him, aged 15, the youngest consul up to that time (the minimum age for the consulship was around 30). Lucilla was exiled to Capri and later killed. But in reality, it was marked the end of the promise of Rome. Top Image: Bust of Commodus, 17th Emperor of the Roman Empire. [44] Dio notes that the targeted senators actually found this more ridiculous than frightening, and chewed on laurel leaves to conceal their laughter. Indeed, director Ridley Scott's vision of Maximus slowly walking toward his family through the fields of their farm as he's dying is one of the most moving moments in movie history. Wikimedia CommonsA bust of Roman Emperor Commodus, styled as if he were a reincarnation of Hercules, which is precisely what he believed himself to be. Omissions? Commodus was a greater curse to the Romans than any pestilence or any crime and the city had descended into bankruptcy and chaos. Intrigues and conspiracies abounded, leading Commodus to revert to an increasingly dictatorial style of leadership, culminating in his creating a deific personality cult, with his performing as a gladiator in the Colosseum. In November 192, Commodus held Plebeian Games, in which he shot hundreds of animals with arrows and javelins every morning, and fought as a gladiator every afternoon, winning all the fights. Commodus hired a wrestler to train him to be even better in the arena. Dying and going to Elysium is a more fitting reward for him than taking control of Rome. One of the ways he paid for his donatives (imperial handouts) and mass entertainments was to tax the senatorial order, and on many inscriptions, the traditional order of the two nominal powers of the state, the Senate and People (Senatus Populusque Romanus) is provocatively reversed (Populus Senatusque). Unfortunately, the damage to Rome was already done. At the outset of his reign, Commodus, aged 18, inherited many of his father's senior advisers, notably Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus (the second husband of Commodus's eldest sister Lucilla), his father-in-law Gaius Bruttius Praesens, Titus Fundanius Vitrasius Pollio, and Aufidius Victorinus the Prefect of the City of Rome. . The gladiator who defied an emperor. The Carnac stones are an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the French village of Carnac, in Brittany, consisting of more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones and erected by the pre-Celtic people of Brittany. Also, in Britain in 184, the governor Ulpius Marcellus re-advanced the Roman frontier northward to the Antonine Wall, but the legionaries revolted against his harsh discipline and acclaimed another legate, Priscus, as emperor. They then sent in an athlete to strangle the 31-year old emperor in his bath. The emperor Titus Flavian completed the Colosseum and endeared himself to the public with his generosity only to have his good works undone by his brother Domitian, who was assassinated by his own court. First, she attempted to kill him by poisoning his food. The pivotal 2000 historical drama follows the betrayed general, Maximus, on a quest for revenge against Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix), the usurper emperor of Rome, who murdered his wife and son. Commode-Hercule et l'anthropologie hercalenne,", M.P. Commodus's assassination in 192, by a wrestler in the bath, marked the end of the NervaAntonine dynasty. The Emperor and his son then travelled to Athens, where they were initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries. This rumor was further fueled by Commodus love for engaging in gladiator battles as an adult, which led to speculation that his father was indeed a gladiator with whom Faustina had an affair. The Death of Commodus, from a history book published in 1900. He served jointly with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 until the latter's death in 180, and thereafter he reigned alone until his assassination. wahrscheinlich aber erfand Commodus diese Geschichte selber, um seine Sonderrolle zu unterstreichen. He is a particular fan of works by Stanley Kubrick, Wes Anderson, and Martin Scorsese. However, he always spared their lives. The climax came in the year 190, which had 25 suffect consuls a record in the 1,000-year history of the Roman consulshipall appointed by Cleander (they included the future Emperor Septimius Severus). But he vomited the poisoned food up, foiling that plan. In the arena, Commodus's opponents always submitted to the emperor; as a result he never lost. Commodus : The general who became a slave. On this channel we focus on Roman History and right now we're doing a video on every Roman Emperor, if you're interested in that subscribe or watch the playlist here: https://bit.ly/32CUA2g. His great simplicity, however, together with his cowardice, made him the slave of his companions, and it was through them that he at first, out of ignorance, missed the better life and then was led on into lustful and cruel habits, which soon became second nature."[26]. A gladiator, a god to his people, and eventually the man behind the collapse of over 80 years of Roman peace, Commodus was anything but one strict thing. He is viewed as having been an inept emperor, his megalomaniac tendencies leading to odd behaviors which frustrated and upset the Roman people. View GLADIATOR - CHW3M.docx from HIS CHW3M at Wexford Collegiate School for the Arts. According to Cassius Dio, Commodus once killed 100 lions in a single day. He also believed himself to be a reincarnation of Hercules and enjoyed fighting in an arena as a gladiator. We'll explain. And the wise Marcus Aurelius, known as the Philosopher and the last of the Five Good Emperors, would be succeeded by his son Commodus, whose descent into madness would be immortalized throughout the millennia (including a heavily fictionalized account in the popular 2000 film Gladiator). Joaquin Phoenix's character is bad news, but he doesn't quite have the same unhinged level of megalomania as his real-life counterpart. In 182 A.D., Commodus sister Lucilla organized an attempt on her brothers life. War broke out in Dacia: few details are available, but it appears two future contenders for the throne, Clodius Albinus and Pescennius Niger, both distinguished themselves in the campaign. Well, kind of, but not really. Now at the zenith of his power, Cleander continued to sell public offices as his private business. The Horsemen of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa. It seems likely that he was raised in an atmosphere of Stoic asceticism, which he rejected entirely upon his accession to sole rule. [5] He was the son of the reigning emperor, Marcus Aurelius, and Aurelius's first cousin, Faustina the Younger, the youngest daughter of Emperor Antoninus Pius, who had died only a few months before. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. His fictionalized depiction as a mad emperor in the film Gladiator actually plays down some of his less believable excesses while giving him a nobler death. Muller Edition 1.15.7, Echols, Edward C. "Herodian of Antioch's History of the Roman Empire." Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. In the story of Gladiator, the Roman general Maximus is betrayed by the evil Emperor Commodus. He also reduced the silver purity from 79percent to 76percent the silver weight dropping from 2.57grams to 2.34grams. [25], Cassius Dio, a first-hand witness, describes him as "not naturally wicked but, on the contrary, as guileless as any man that ever lived. On 27 November 176, Marcus Aurelius bestowed the title of Imperator on Commodus and in summer 177 he made him a full joint emperor by giving him the title of Augustus. Commodus butchered dozens of animals in single appearances at the Colosseum on other occasions. His body was buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian. Roman Emperor Lucius Aurelius Commodus was a corrupt ruler who was not well-received by the Roman people during his reign. Commoduss father was Marcus Aurelius, an emperor who presided over what has been regarded as one of ancient Romes golden ages. [4] Commodus was supposedly in a drunken stupor after Marcia had poisoned him [1] and Narcissus proceeded to strangle his master in his bathtub [1] or, according to Herodian, in his bed. It worked and the Nerva-Antonine dynasty which had ruled Rome for nearly a century had come to an end and the city soon descended into civil war. Pompeianus retired from public life. In 180 AD, Marcus Aurelius died, leaving Commodus as sole Emperor of Rome. A former Roman General sets out to exact vengeance against the corrupt emperor who murdered his family and sent him into slavery. And what could be more glorious than to challenge the Emperor himself in the great arena? Maximus : You would fight me? Her motive is alleged to have been the envy of the Empress Crispina. All Action 473K subscribers 86K 11M views 1 year ago #Gladiator #RidleyScott #AllAction Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix) challenges Maximus (Russell Crowe) in combat in the hopes of killing him. Dio Cassius 73.10.2, Loeb edition translated E. Cary. Commodus : The general who became a slave. The breaking point and Commodus' real death. Meanwhile, Commodus was lapsing into insanity. 6.7M views 8 years ago #Gladiator #Oscars #RussellCrowe After Emperor Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix) lands a lethal blow on Maximus (Russell Crowe) he is finally reunited with his wife and child as. Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus. In the view of Dio Cassius, his accession marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust".[20]. When Marcia found a list of people Commodus intended to have executed, she discovered that she, the prefect Laetus and Eclectus were on it. Marcus Aurelius. Roman artwork, 191 - 192 AD. Commodus was a secutor, a type of gladiator who carried a gladius and a heavy shield. What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? The first, Sextus Tigidius Perennis, Commodus put to death after becoming convinced he was conspiring against him. The megalomania of Commodus was not limited to the Colosseum. As promised in another well-known speech, Maximus does indeed have his revenge on father-/emperor-/wife-/child-killer Commodus (Joaquin Phoenix). And what could be more glorious than to challenge the Emperor himself in the great arena? Aurelius himself, and the four emperors that had preceded him, had all been adopted. Striking story! Maximus is given a very clear ending, but what about the rest of Rome? Only a famous death will do. The second, the freeman Cleander, he allowed to be torn apart by a mob who were outraged at the freemans abuses. To help answer that question, here are five of the key elements of the story and their historical precedents. Updates? Herodian's Roman History F.L. Instead, he devoted himself to his harem of 300 females and a like number of males, played gladiator at Rome's. Striking story! The slave who became a gladiator. Commodus reign is commonly regarded as the beginning of the Roman Empires decline, and he is a natural choice for the primary antagonist of Gladiator. But wait, wasn't Commodus killed by a Gladiator? Ridley Scott's Gladiator famously kills off Maximus (Russell Crowe) at the end, but the original plan for the ending was very different. One of these is Commodus' relationship with his sister Lucilla. Ser. Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997). A grateful Senate proclaimed a new emperorthe city prefect, Publius Helvius Pertinaxbut the empire quickly slipped into civil war. [28][29], His original name was Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narcissus_(wrestler)&oldid=1135943613, This page was last edited on 27 January 2023, at 20:46. So superlatively mad had the abandoned wretch become that he renamed Rome Colonia Commodiana (the Colony of Commodus) and changed the names of the months to each reflect one of the many epithets he had bestowed upon himself. Cookies help us deliver our Services. Gladiator is somewhat historically accurate in its final scenes, as Commodus did perform as a gladiator. [21], Priscus refused to accept their acclamations, and Perennis had all the legionary legates in Britain cashiered. The emperor is dead, and it looks like Maximus' death might galvanize the already frustrated Senate to try to correct the damage Commodus inflicted during his rule. A former Roman General sets out to exact vengeance against the corrupt emperor who murdered his family and sent him into slavery. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. He also had the head of the Colossus of Nero adjacent to the Colosseum replaced with his own portrait, gave it a club, placed a bronze lion at its feet to make it look like Hercules Romanus, and added an inscription boasting of being "the only left-handed fighter to conquer twelve times one thousand men".[23]. Claudius M. Appius Atilius Bradua Regillus Atticus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commodus&oldid=1137878630, Commodus is a minor antagonist in the 2005 video game, Commodus appears as one of the antagonists in the popular young adult fiction novel series, dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships, G. Alfldy, "Der Friedesschluss des Kaisers Commodus mit den Germanen,", P. A. Brunt, "The Fall of Perennis: Dio-Xiphilinus 79.9.2,", J. Gag, "La mystique imperiale et l'preuve des jeux. Man in Peru Caught Out Drinking With an 800-year-old Mummy! Unrest around the empire increased, with large numbers of army deserters causing trouble in Gaul and Germany. An illustration of the murder of Commmodus. He served jointly with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 until the latter's death in 180, and thereafter he reigned alone until his assassination. 1. Under Commodus, Rome had descended from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust. Much like Nero had supposedly fiddled while Rome burned, Commodus enjoyed himself as the city decayed around him. 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Commodus would also slay exotic animals, such as lions, ostriches, hippos, elephants, and giraffes. His tale was not believed and he was immediately put to death. Salvius and Paternus were executed along with a number of other prominent consulars and senators. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, Alleged Sighting of the Mythical Manananggal in the Philippines Causes Public Anxiety, Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire, Medieval Hygiene Might Have Been Better Than You Think, New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC. Commodus was a terrible ruler by virtually any standard. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? Despite his notoriety, and considering the importance of his reign, Commodus's years in power are not well chronicled. Commodus, the son of the famous Emperor Marcus Aurelius, lived an interesting life, combining 15 years of rule alongside his father with 16 years of chaos. When Commodus ordered for the death of Maximus and his family, the Romans could not reject that request. Russell Crowe's Maximus asks the crowd "Are you not entertained?" He then returned to Rome and celebrated a triumph for the conclusion of the wars on 22 October 180. They bungled the job and were seized by the emperor's bodyguard. Whatever its roots, the conspiracy failed and the incident aroused an insane paranoia in Commodus, who began seeing plots and treachery everywhere. Cassius Dio recorded one incident where, after becoming tired out, Commodus ordered a cup of chilled wine to him and drank it at one gulp. 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