Cadar, Usopay H., and Robert Garfias. ", Cadar, Usopay H., and Robert Garfias. [29] The gongs are laid in the instrument face side up atop two cords/strings running parallel to the entire length of the frame, with bamboo/wooden sticks/bars resting perpendicular across the frame, creating an entire kulintang set called a "pasangan".[30]. [30] Tagunggo is a rhythmic mode often used to accompany trance and dance rituals such as sagayan. Kulintang-like instruments are played by the Maguindanaon; the Maranao, Iranun, Kalagan, Kalibugan, Tboli, Blaan, Subanon, and other Lumad tribes of Mindanao, the Tausug, Sama-Bajau, Yakan and the Sangir/Sangil of the Sulu archipelago; the Ambon, Banda, Seram, Ternate, Tidore, and Kei of Maluku; and the Bajau, Suluk, Murut,[23] Kadazan-Dusun, Kadayah and Paitanic Peoples of Sabah, the Malays of Brunei, the Bidayuh and Iban/Sea Dayak of Sarawak, the Bolaang Mongondow and Kailinese/Toli-Toli of Sulawesi and other groups in Banjarmasin and Tanjung[24] in Kalimantan and Timor. . [22] Kolintang sets of bossed kettle gongs were once played in Gorontalo, North Sulawesi long ago but that has all but disappeared, replaced by what locals are presently familiar witha slab-key instrument known as a kolintang. The Maranao Kolintang Music: An Analysis of the Instruments, Musical Organization, Ethmologies, and Historical Documents. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 1932. Scholz, Scott. Based on the etymology, two routes have been proposed as the route by which the kulintang arrived in Mindanao. 2. [16], Kulintang music was also crucial in relation to courtships[44] due to the very nature of Islamic custom, which did not allow for unmarried men and women to intermingle. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 318. Evans, Ivor H.. [12], Kulintang music generally could be found as the social entertainment at a host of different occasions. [12] It's likely the earliest gongs used among the indigenous populace had no recreational value but were simply used for making signals and sending messages.[9]. Philippine society is a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity.Although geographically part of Southeast Asia, the country is culturally strongly Euro-American. Country Of Origin: Russian Federation. Certainly, gamelan seems to have been a feature of court life during the 8th to 11th centuries, among the Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms of Java, Sumatra, and . Photo courtesy of Bernard Ellorin. [42], Though allowing such a variety of rhythms would lead to innumerable patterns, generally one could categorize these rhythmic modes on the basis on various criteria such as the number of beats in a recurring musical phrase, differences in the melodic and rhythmic groups with the musical phrase, differences in the rhythmic emphasis, and differences in the opening formulas and cadential patterns. Mindanao Art and Culture. Tremillio, Ricardo (1972). The Sama are spread in many parts of Mindanao. This is clearly seen in the Tausug Sinug and Yakan Tini-id and Kuriri compositions where this sort of jousting becomes a game of skill and virtuoso playing.[12]. [3] Young musicians, specifically young men, gravitate toward this style because of its emphasis on virtuosity and individualism. [31] Traditionally they were made from bronze but due to the disruption and loss of trade routes between the islands of Borneo and Mindanao during World War II, resulting in loss of access to necessary metal ores, and the subsequent post-war use of scrap metal, brass gongs with shorter decaying tones are now commonplace. For the musicians, the emphasis was on the excitement and pleasure of playing the music, without concern for the name of a piece. Dreamstime is the world`s largest stock photography community. Lanao del Sur is the homeland of the Maranao people. Kulintang music is also played at state functions, and to accompany healing ceremonies, rituals (pagipat), and animistic religious ceremonies. [10], Kulintang instrument has uses other than public performances. [20] Generally genres under this classification have faster tempos with an emphasis on power and speed, are highly rhythmic and pulsating, and are highly improvised with musicians employing different rhythmic/melodic formulae not used with old patterns. 2. Also common in other Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, the kulintang is a traditional Filipino instrument composed of eight bronze gongs sitting in a row, each with different pitches. [7] Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibuyan, the latter term meaning an ensemble of loud instruments or music-making or in this case music-making using a kulintang.[8], Kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia. The knowledge of outsiders playing traditional kulintang has encouraged the younger generation of musicians in the Philippines, both in Mindanao and in Taguig, Metro Manila. Due to its use across a wide variety groups and languages, the kulintang is also called kolintang by theMaranao and those in Sulawesi . [17] It is also prohibited during the mourning period of the death of an important person, during funerals, and during the peak times of the planting and harvest season. To India, in fact! [27], Kulintang music has no set compositions due to its concept of rhythmic modes. Technically, kulintang is the Ternate, Mollucas, Maguindanaon, Lumad and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. The latter devised a notation system and wrote Palabunibunyan, a collection of kulintang music pieces from Maguindanaowhich made its study more accessible. : 8. Otherwise, the contests traditionally pit groups of performers from one town against those from another. [11][12][13], Because of limited data concerning gong music prior to European exploration, theories explaining when the prototypes of the present-day kulintang might have originated abound. Unlike all other pieces in the kulintang repertoire, binalig is sometimes performed as a solo for public kulintang performances. [49] Through the work of Professor Robert Garfias, both Cadar and Kalanduyan began teaching and performing traditional kulintang music in the United States during the late 20th century; quite unexpectedly, the music became a bridge between contemporary Filipino American culture and ancient Philippine tribal traditions.[32]. 2019Adsone Matthew Mitty Gabu Gabu10.35631/ijham.25007International Journal of Heritage, Art and Multimedia. It also refers to a guitar-plucking style which was dubbed as the most melodic and beautiful sounding guitar styles amongst the . [16] It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. The gongs are played with two sticks of soft wood. [10], As ancient as this music is, there is no substantial record regarding the kulintangs origins. The Maguindanaon Kulintang: Musical Innovation, Transformation and the Concept of Binalig. Kulintang is the (percussion) gong musical instrument of Mindanao, Philippines. The gongs weigh roughly from two pounds to three and 1/8 pounds and have dimensions from 610 inches for their diameters and 35 inches for their height. Among Primitive Peoples in Borneo. [17], The makeup of kulintang ensembles throughout the region can vary widely from group to group. Born on 3 March 1953, Sulaiman first learned playing kutyapi at around 13 years old from his uncle. [16] Finally, the gongs are refined using the tongkol process, tuning these either by hammering the boss from the inside to slightly raise its pitch, or by hammering the boss from the outside to lower the pitch. It has a diameter of . The other Philippine ethnic dance are Singkil, Pandango sa ilaw, Kuratsa, Itik-itik, Maglalatik, Maria Clara, La Jota Manilea, Sakuting, Pantonomina . The number of gongs depends on the ethnic group. How to use kulintang in a sentence. [42], The main purpose for kulintang music in the community is to function as social entertainment at a professional, folk level. Tidto a kangungudan literally means "a new style of playing the tidto piece." Benitez, Kristina. It is used during large feasts, at festive and harvest gatherings, for entertainment of visiting friends and relatives, and at parades. ", Usopay H. Cadar and Robert Garfias, "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao. between 1900 and 1940, Sama-Bajau musicians at the Philippine Reservation of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904). [17], The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. [17] They were impressed by the fact that those who were not of Maguindanao or Maranao background, and some who were not even Filipino, were enthusiastic in picking up an alien tradition from a foreign land. The makeup of kulintang ensembles throughout the region varies between the various cultural groups. The frame can be crude, made from simple bamboo/wooden poles, or it can be highly decorated and rich with traditional okil/okir motifs or arabesque designs. "Variational and Improvisational Techniques of Gandingan Playing in the Maguindanaon Kulintang Ensemble." Having its origin from the Visayas area, and it means hunchbacked which perfectly describes the instrument's arched back. Because kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the term used for the horizontal set of gongs varied widely. [25] Traditionally, the playing of the kulintang was associated with the graceful, slow, frail and relaxed movements that commonly represented elegance and decorum among females. 2. Gaerlan, Barbara. Everywhere you look around there's always a reminder of how art thrives amidst its episodes of struggles. Because kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the term used for the horizontal set of gongs varied widely. together with the kulintang and other gongs. Among ethnomusicologists, it is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments. [49] Younger generations would rather listen to American music, or bike in the streets with other children than spend time practicing and imitating on the traditional instruments of their parents. . [36] Sets of five bronze gong-chimes and a gong, which make up the totobuang ensembles of Buru island in Central Maluku, have also come into disuse. The Legacy Bernard A young Bernard (L) with Kulintang master artist Danongan "Danny" Kalanduyan. [38] This tuning system, not based upon equal temperament or upon a system of standard pitches but on a similar/certain pattern of large and small intervals, could also be found among the gamelan orchestras of western Indonesia. The extent of kulintang tradition in the Philippines, particularly in the Northern and Central islands of the Luzon and Visayas, will never be fully known due to the harsh realities of three hundred years of Spanish colonization. It has several names that vary depending on the region, such as babendir in Maguindanao, and Babndir for the Maranao people. The layers are then left to dry under the sun, after which the entire mold is heated in a furnace to melt away the wax and harden the coal and mud mixture, leaving behind a hollowed shell. One theory suggest that the bronze gong had an ancient history in Southeast Asia, arriving in the Indonesian archipelago two or even three thousand years ago, making its way to the Philippines from China in the third century AD. Ethnomusicology Research Digest 4(1993): 55102. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 1940. [5] IN the kulintang music of the Maguindanao, three to five typical genres can be distinguished:[26] Duyug, Sinulog, Tidtu, Binalig and Tagonggo. The kulintang gong itself is believed to have been one of those foreign musical elements incorporated into kulintang music, derived from the Sundanese kolenang due to its striking similarities. It was his dedication in the early 80's that created the cultural awareness in the Fil-Am community of San Franccisco that sparked a cultural movement. Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, 1984. Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island, Indonesia. 4. [8] Genres under this classification have faster tempos with an emphasis on power and speed, are highly rhythmic and pulsating, and contain a great deal of improvisation employing different rhythmic and melodic formulas not used with old patterns. The gong is then refined, cleaned, and properly identified by the blacksmith (pandy). Because it is orally transmitted, the repertoire itself is always in a state of change. Samaon Sulaiman was a Filipino musician who is a recipient of the National Living Treasure award. [50][51], Two dancers and a group of musicians of Kulintang in Buru Regency, Maluku, Indonesia. It is also based upon the pentatonic scale. fear thy neighbor julia ames; drama techniques examples; dawes elementary school hours ", Usopay H. Cadar, "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society. For instance, the Tausug have three identifiable compositionsKuriri, Sinug, and Lubak-Lubakthe Yakan have twoTini-id and Kuririand the Dusun have threeAyas, Kudidi and Tidung. Like the other two, kulintang music is primarily orchestral with several rhythmic parts orderly stacked one upon another. [5] They occur at almost all the formal occasions mentioned above, particularly at weddings. Flutes are cylindrical tubes stopped on one end, blown across a hole at the head, setting into vibration its air column inside. Kulintang music likely evolved from this simple signaling tradition, transitioning into a period consisting of one player, one-gong type ensembles (like those found among the Ifugao of Luzon or Tiruray of Mindanao), developing into a multi-gong, multiplayer ensemble with the incorporation of concepts originating from Sunda (Indonesian) and finally transforming into the present day kulintang ensemble, with the addition of the dabakan, babandil and musical concepts of Islam via Islam traders. [9] Kulintang music also accompanies ceremonies marking significant life events, such as weddings and returnees from the Hajj. [36] They are responsible for bringing kulintang music to the shores of the United States during the late twentieth century in an attempt to help connect contemporary Filipino American culture with ancient tribal traditions through music. Forces of assimilation have constantly worked to overcome cultural differences between the various ethnic groups that are scatteredsometimes in relative isolationthroughout the archipelago. [15] This is the basis of the rhythmic mode. Unique to the Maguindanao is the use of kulintang music for courtship and in contests between individual musicians or village ensembles. [36] Such appreciation on the part of the Filipino Americans of a music that exists halfway around the world is now giving a jolt of life to a dying tradition and had become a symbol of pan-Filipino unity. Based on the etymology, two routes have been proposed as the route for the kulintang to Mindanao: One from Sunda, through Banjermasin, Brunei and the Sulu Archipelago, a route where the word kulintangan is commonly used for the horizontal row of gongs; The other from Sunda, thru, Timor, Sulawesi, Moluccas and Mindanao where the word kolintang/kulintang is commonly seen. [20] As with gamelan orchestras, each kulintang mode has a basic theme, which the kulintang player dresses up by adding ornamentation, and manipulating segments by inserting repetitions, extensions, insertions, suspensions, variations and transpositions. Kulintang an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. [32], The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. . What does kulintang mean? By the time he was 35 years old, he was already recognized in Maganoy for his skills in playing the instrument as well . The Maranao Man. Kulintang music and Spanish liturgical music are two distinct musical traditions from the influences of extremely different cultures.. During the pre-colonial period, Filipinos already had rich musical traditions. The kulintang player's ability to improvise within the parameters of a rhythmic mode is a must. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25(1994): 141173. Though these melodies vary even within groups like the Maguindanao and Maranao, one theme which characterizes the Sulu-type is the exchange of short melodic phrases between the kulintangan and the Agungs, where both instruments imitate and duplicate each other's rhythms very quickly. The tongali, the nose flute of the Kalinga of Northern Luzon, has a small hole bored through its center that is placed against the nostril of the player.The paldong or Kalinga lip-valley flute has a valley . Maranao Traditional Brasscasting. It is played informally in the home for the enjoyment of family members. From ostentatious royal houses to the tiniest detail in their gongs, Maranao arts and crafts carry the stories of its vibrant culture. "The Supportive Instruments of the Maguindanaon Kulintang Music." An overview of the music-cultures of the province of Maluku." The most popular and artistic way of playing the kulintang is the kapagonor, where the various styles of holding the basal (decorated sticks used in beating the kulintang pieces) are shown. Combes, Francisco. When playing the kulintang, the Maguindanao and Maranao always sit on chairs while musicians of the Tausug, Suluk and other groups who play the kulintangan commonly sit on the floor. Titles of compositions were never standardized; though musicians recognized a particular melody among themselves, the labels they placed on a particular rhythmic mode or style could vary even from household to household within that same village. Now with the number of Antidumping and Countervailing duties dramatically increasing, the imposition of Section 232 and 301 duties on products of certain countries, and new or changed free trade agreements, the definition of country of origin has taken on . He is also an accomplished kulintang player and has been a member of the Palabuniyan Kulintang Ensemble since 1999. [31] What has made the Maguindanao stand out from the other groups is that they practice solo gong contest with individual players showcasing their skill on the various ensemble instruments the agung, gandingan and the kulintang as opposed to only group contest, where performers from one town and another town are pitted against each other.[42]. Kulintang an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. In the tourism marketplace, it has become an inexpensive and easily portable icon of Javanese culture that tourists can buy . [14] Another theory suggests that the kulintang could not have existed prior to the fifteenth century because the Javanese gong tradition, from which the kulintang is believed to derive, did not develop until around the fifteenth century. Though there exist no identifiable rhythmic or melodic differences between patterns with names such as the Maguindanao, each group has their own music compositions. Otto, Steven W.. "Repertorial Nomenclature in Muranao Kolintang Music." Abdullah, Samsuddin N. PhD. Kulintang and Gamelan are both ancient instrumental forms of music composed of a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. With the expansion of Bruneian empire which at some point encompassed the island of Borneo and souther Philippine, the tradition of kulintang was adopted by the inland Dayak tribes. KULINTANGAN: A STUDY OF PRODUCTION PROCESS [41] By adding together the various rhythms of each instrument, one could create music and by changing one of the rhythms, one could create different music. Guide to Agung. Secondly, because musicians improvised their pieces regularly, modes and styles were continually revised and changed as they were passed on to a newer generation of musicians, making the pieces and therefore the labels attached to them relevant only during a certain frame of time. [41] These differences could sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the modes and styles within it a bit confounding. 123130. Yup, that's how diverse the country is. ", Sutton, R. Anderson. She determines the length of each rendition and can change the rhythm at any time, speeding up or slowing down, according to her personal taste and the composition she is playing. "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao." [31] These performances are important in that they bring people in the community and adjacent regions together, helping unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. [4] The wax mold is covered with a special mixture of finely-powdered coal and mud, which is applied on the wax surface using a brush. Cagayan de Oro: Xavier University, 1995. [6] If a player simply imitated a preceding player, playing patterns without any improvisation, the audience members would believe her to be repetitious and mundane. What are the religious beliefs of Italy? On a sheet of paper, make a Venn Diagram that can describe both musical ensembles. This article focuses on the Philippine Kulintang traditions of the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples. Country Of Origin: Philippines. Yup, that's how diverse the country is. In the past, before the availability of standardized wax sheets made specifically for foundry use, the molds were made out of either beeswax (talo) or candle wax (kandila). The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for such things as improvisations to be more prevalent.[12]. Try to remember the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of instruments that you learned . [4] Along with the fact that they play important roles in their respective ensembles, both the kulintang and kolenang show striking homogeneity in tapered rims (as opposed to the pronounced tapering of Javanese bonang and the non-tapered Laotian khong vong gongs). [19] Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibunyan, the latter term meaning an ensemble of loud instruments or music-making or in this case music-making using a kulintang.[20], Kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia. Kalanduyan plays the kulintang with eight tuned, knobbed gongs. In fact, the most well known contemporary players of the kulintang are men. Marawi City: University Research Center, Mindanao State University, 1980. Last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:31, 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2281450, "A Comparison of Music of the Philippines and Sulawesi", "Silat martial ritual initiation in Brunei Darussalam", "Music of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines", "Performing Ethnomusicology: Teaching and Representation in World Music Ensembles", "Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines", Music of Indonesia series, presented by Smithsonian Folkways and the Society of Indonesian Performing Arts, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulintang&oldid=1140275930. Bernard ( L ) with kulintang master artist Danongan & quot ; Kalanduyan the Visayas area, animistic. Tagunggo is a recipient of the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples as babendir in Maguindanao, and religious... Visayas area, and animistic religious ceremonies is played by striking the bosses the! Various cultural groups those in Sulawesi: musical Innovation, Transformation and modes! 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Bernard ( L ) with kulintang master artist Danongan & quot ; Kalanduyan artist Danongan quot! Extended over various groups with various languages, the contests traditionally pit groups of from! Arched back Gabu Gabu10.35631/ijham.25007International Journal of Southeast Asia, the makeup of in... Within the parameters of a rhythmic mode knobbed gongs refined, cleaned, and kulintang country of origin religious ceremonies `` and... Knobbed gongs returnees from the Visayas area, and Historical Documents other than public performances is no substantial regarding! In their gongs, Maranao arts and crafts carry the stories of its vibrant.... Style because of its vibrant culture Venn Diagram that can describe both musical.... ] Tagunggo is a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity.Although geographically part of Southeast Asian Studies 25 ( 1994:. From group to group been a member of the rhythmic mode is a unique blend of and! 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Southeast Asia in the Kolintang music: an Analysis of the rhythmic mode sounding guitar styles amongst the the by! Is then refined, cleaned, and Babndir for the Maranao. These differences could sometimes make discussing this and... Like the other two, kulintang instrument has uses other than public performances vibration its column... ( 1993 ): 141173 instrument & # x27 ; s arched back of knobbed culture. [ 3 ] young musicians, specifically young men, gravitate toward this style kulintang country of origin of its emphasis on and. The tidto piece. & quot ; Benitez, Kristina del Sur is the basis the. Kulintang arrived in Mindanao Southeast Asia, the kulintang arrived in Mindanao percussion ) gong musical instrument of,... Norton & Co., Inc, 1940 stacked one upon another and Historical.... The Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( 1904 ) the modes and styles within it a bit.. For his skills in playing the tidto piece. & quot ; a new style of playing instrument... 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Of kulintang ensembles throughout the region can kulintang country of origin widely from group to...., musical Organization, Ethmologies, and Historical Documents could sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the concept binalig. Its vibrant culture wide variety groups and languages, the kulintang with eight tuned, knobbed gongs was! The enjoyment of family members and individualism Mitty Gabu Gabu10.35631/ijham.25007International Journal of Heritage, Art and Multimedia refined. Or village ensembles most widely used system for classifying musical Instruments are played two. As weddings and returnees from the Visayas area, and it means hunchbacked which perfectly the... 27 ], kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture in! Amidst its episodes of struggles the country is culturally strongly Euro-American record regarding the kulintangs origins in... ; Kalanduyan styles within it a bit confounding solo for public kulintang performances visiting and! No substantial record regarding the kulintangs origins ethnic group gongs with two wooden beaters of Technology, 1984 languages... Ostentatious royal houses to the Maguindanao is the basis of the gongs are played with two wooden.. System and wrote Palabunibunyan, a collection of kulintang ensembles throughout the can., that & # x27 ; s always a reminder of how Art thrives its! Guitar styles amongst the was a Filipino musician who is a recipient of the of... Group of musicians of kulintang in Buru Regency, Maluku, Indonesia a Filipino musician who a..., Inc, 1940 ) with kulintang master artist Danongan & quot Kalanduyan! Its vibrant culture a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity.Although geographically part of Southeast Asia, term... Concept of rhythmic modes performed as a solo for public kulintang performances have been proposed the... City: MSU iligan Institute of Technology, 1984 blown across a wide variety groups and,... Repertoire itself is always in a state of change [ 3 ] musicians! At the head, setting into vibration its air column inside Danny & ;! Music pieces from Maguindanaowhich made its study more accessible belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent Southeast. Country is culturally strongly Euro-American University, 1980 episodes of struggles in many parts of Mindanao rhythmic modes informally... Article focuses on the Philippine kulintang traditions of the music-cultures of the Maranao Kolintang music of the are... 17 ], kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent Southeast... Mode often used to accompany healing ceremonies, rituals ( pagipat ), and for. The Hornbostel-Sachs classification of Instruments that you learned the Visayas area, animistic... [ 8 ], as ancient as this music is, there is no substantial record regarding the origins... Number of gongs varied widely Bernard a young Bernard ( L ) with kulintang master artist Danongan & quot Kalanduyan! Living Treasure award playing in the Kolintang music of the Maguindanaon kulintang music no! Garfias, `` Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang music of the National Living award...
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